During exercise at low intensity, this is regulated primarily through a decrease in insulin secretion, which alters the insulin/glucagon ratio and affects the liver’s sensitivity to glucagon. To secure blood glucose homeostasis during exercise, hepatic glucose output also increases. GLUT4 is considered the main controller of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, and is most abundant in slow twitch oxidative fibers endurance athletes have consistently been reported to have high levels of the protein. During contraction, increased metabolic activity and signaling events initiated by several pathways stimulate the glucose transporter 4-protein (GLUT4) to translocate to the cell membrane, which increases the permeability to glucose. This is mediated by increases in blood flow and capillary recruitment, blood glucose concentration, and muscle contraction. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake can increase up to 50-fold during exercise compared with rest. Consequently, skeletal muscle tissue can affect blood glucose homeostasis not only by glucose import but also by lactate export. Circulating lactate has been shown to be the main precursor to hepatic glucose production during rest, and plasma lactate availability to be rate limiting for gluconeogenesis during exercise. In later years, the importance of glucose as the main circulating metabolic fuel has been challenged as lactate has been recognized as a preferred fuel for oxidative metabolism in various tissues and organs. During unfed conditions, glucose homeostasis is regulated by the liver, which stores glycogen and can, upon stimulation, release glucose through glycogenolysis, or other substrates such as lactate, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and amino acids through gluconeogenesis. The skeletal muscles are the main site for glucose disposal during fed conditions and exercise. Blood glucose homeostasis is highly prioritized, and the concentration is regulated through a balanced release and uptake by organs and tissues, mainly stimulated by the hormones insulin and glucagon, as well as muscle contraction. The pool size of blood glucose is about 4 g, which is less than one percent of the stored amount of carbohydrates in humans, and the concentration is mostly kept within a range of 4–8 mM in subjects with normal glucose control. In this current opinion, we aim to discuss blood glucose regulation in endurance athletes and highlight the existing research on glucose monitoring for performance and health in this population. Furthermore, endurance athletes regularly perform demanding training sessions and can be exposed to high or low energy and/or carbohydrate availability, which can affect blood glucose levels and regulation. In several studies, blood glucose regulation in endurance athletes has been shown to differ from that in healthy controls. Well-defined approaches to use glucose monitoring to improve endurance athletes’ performance and health are lacking. Although continuous measurements of a parameter that is intimately connected to metabolism and health can seem appealing, there is no current consensus on how to interpret measurements within this context. The technique offers real-time recording of glucose concentrations in the interstitium, which is assumed to be equivalent to concentrations in the blood. During the last years, measuring glucose has gained popularity within the sports community and successful endurance athletes have been seen with skin-mounted sensors for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). However, although exceptions exist, less focus has been on blood glucose as a parameter to optimize training and competition outcomes in athletes with normal glucose control. Research in glucose transport and uptake has also been substantial within the field of exercise physiology as glucose delivery to the working muscles affects exercise capacity and athletic achievements. “They have crunchy edges with a soft centre, and are always delivered warm.Blood glucose regulation has been studied for well over a century as it is intimately related to metabolic health. “We spent months crafting the perfect cookie,” Banks said. from Friday to Sunday, Midnight Cookie is baking delectable cookies when you want them the most. When Emily Banks and Alon Steinbach were faced with a situation much like this in early 2021, they decided to take matters into their own hands. Fed up with the lack of late-night options, the partners started Midnight Cookie. There’s your run of the mill fast food options, but nothing made fresh. To your surprise, every purveyor of fresh baked goods in the city has closed for the evening. Unable to sleep due to, you start scrolling through your favourite food delivery app. It’s midnight, and you’re craving something sweet. Toronto’s newest bakery will make you fresh cookies at midnight and deliver them straight to your house
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